Economic growth remains a key indicator of national development, reflecting the expansion of goods and services within an economy. In Nigeria, a country characterized by a rapidly growing population and a developing industrial sector, sustained economic growth is crucial for poverty reduction, employment generation, and improved living standards. Among the various determinants of economic performance, energy plays a central role in supporting industrial activities, transportation, and domestic consumption. This study examines the impact of energy consumption, renewable energy adoption, and circular energy systems on Nigeria’s economic growth. By analyzing existing literature and empirical evidence, the study highlights how traditional energy consumption patterns, if inefficient, can constrain economic expansion, while the integration of renewable and circular energy systems can promote sustainability, reduce environmental degradation, and enhance economic resilience. The findings underscore the importance of strategic energy policies and investments that balance energy demand with sustainable practices, thereby fostering long-term economic development.