Premarital health screening is a critical preventive measure aimed at identifying genetic, infectious, and chronic health conditions before marriage, thereby reducing risks to couples and their future offspring. This practice encompasses tests for diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis B and C, and hereditary disorders, contributing to the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and the mitigation of genetic disease burdens. Globally, premarital screening programs have demonstrated varying levels of success, with mandatory programs in countries like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates significantly lowering the prevalence of genetic disorders, while initiatives in China have reduced the transmission of hepatitis B and other infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (2018) recommends offering premarital screening to all prospective couples, particularly in regions with high prevalence of genetic conditions. Despite its proven benefits, uptake of premarital screening remains influenced by socio-demographic and behavioral factors, including educational level, cultural beliefs, and awareness of health risks. Understanding these determinants is essential for designing targeted interventions that promote screening, enhance public health outcomes, and ensure the well-being of families. This study examines the socio-demographic and behavioral determinants of premarital health screening among residents of Alimosho, Lagos, with the aim of identifying factors that facilitate or hinder participation. Findings from this research can inform policy strategies, health education campaigns, and community-based interventions to improve premarital screening uptake, ultimately reducing the incidence of preventable genetic and infectious conditions within the population.