Abstract

<p>The imperative to mitigate environmental pollution underscores the necessity to eliminate heavy metal ions from sewage before their release into the ecosystem (Bystrzejewski and Pyrzyn, 2011). The unchecked discharge of heavy metal-laden effluents into water bodies poses a severe threat to the ecosystem, triggering pollution and potential hazards (García-Lorenzo et al., 2010). Non-biodegradable in nature, heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in living organisms, inducing a spectrum of life-threatening disorders (Bystrzejewski and Pyrzyn, 2011). This persistence in the environment and bioaccumulation throughout the food chain distinguish metals from other toxic pollutants (Maleki et al., 2011). Lead, a prominent pollutant in industrial effluents, emanates from diverse sectors including electroplating, electrical and electronic industries, hydrometallurgical processing, ore beneficiation, and tanneries (Randhawa et al., 2012; Terminghoff et al., 1994). The discharge of lead and other heavy metals into water bodies presents a pressing environmental concern, necessitating immediate attention and intervention. This concern transcends geographical boundaries, making it a priority for both developed and developing countries alike. This study addresses the critical need to reduce metal concentrations in effluents discharged into water bodies, focusing on lead as a major pollutant. By examining the sources and implications of lead contamination from various industrial activities, the research aims to contribute to the development of effective strategies for the reduction and elimination of heavy metal discharge. The findings of this study are expected to inform policy frameworks and regulatory measures for safeguarding water quality and ecosystem health.</p>