Abstract

<p>The Horn of Africa, a term derived more from geographic perception than indigenous identity, encompasses a region historically and contemporarily riddled with complex challenges. Commonly including countries such as Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Sudan, and South Sudan, this region has evolved into a focal point of geopolitical, social, and environmental instability. Historically referred to as the ‘Land of Punt’ or Terra Aromatica, the Horn has experienced overlapping and enduring issues such as intra- and inter-state conflicts, civil wars, contested borders, underdevelopment, environmental degradation, and recurring famine. These persistent challenges are compounded by ethnic and religious pluralism, lack of national cohesion, and political fragmentation, resulting in a fragile regional structure often described as a ‘Hobbesian World.’ The deep-rooted instability not only threatens state sovereignty but also undermines peacebuilding and regional cooperation. This paper explores the complex security dilemmas confronting the Horn of Africa and critically evaluates the peacebuilding approaches employed in the region. It argues that successful peacebuilding requires a context-specific, inclusive, and regionally coordinated strategy that addresses the historical grievances, socio-political fragmentation, and economic vulnerabilities that have long hindered sustainable peace and development</p>